It’s
a veritable bevy of birds: Ten songbirds hailing from a cluster of small Indonesian
islands near Sulawesi have officially joined the scientific record.
Typically,
only five or six new bird species are described each year across the globe. So
the discovery of five new species
and five new subspecies, characterized in the Jan. 10 issue of Science,
marks a remarkable expansion of bird biodiversity, considering that birds are
among the most comprehensively categorized animal groups.
Evolutionary biologist Frank Rheindt at the National University of Singapore had an inkling these remote, forested islands with mountain highlands held an unrecognized wealth of bird life. The islands — Taliabu, Peleng and the Togian group — sit in the middle of Wallacea, a geologically and biologically complex region of Southeast Asia. But deep waters separate the islands from the nearest large landmass of Sulawesi, limiting opportunities for many animals to intermingle across the region. This includes tropical forest birds, which rarely venture out from the shady cover of the forest, let alone fly kilometers over open ocean.
In
searching for new species, “it’s very important to pick deep-sea islands,”
Rheindt says. “Those are the ones that are likely to have endemic species that
are not shared with other landmasses.” Even more encouraging, the islands’ interior
highlands hadn’t received much attention from European explorers or naturalists,
who instead had focused on the coasts, he says.
Other
researchers in the 1990s had reported what appeared to
be distinct songbird species on the islands. But they hadn’t collected
specimens, nor formally described what they’d found.
So
Rheindt and his colleagues teamed up with Dewi Prawiradilaga’s group at the
Indonesian Institute of Sciences in Jakarta for a 2013 expedition to investigate
the islands’ bird life and collect specimens for study in the lab. Most of the birds
in the study were found on Taliabu, the largest and highest of the islands.
Based
on the birds’ physical features, DNA and variations in their songs, the
researchers identified the
five new species and five new subspecies. Some were visually striking, such as the
fiery red-orange male Taliabu Myzomela honeyeater (Myzomela wahe) and
the yellow-bellied Togian jungle-flycatcher (Cyornis omissus omississimus)
with a cap of iridescent blue feathers on its head.
While
the researchers expected to find some new wildlife on the islands, “we weren’t
aware that this was going to be a bonanza of new species and subspecies,”
Rheindt says.
Rheindt’s
favorite? The Taliabu grasshopper-warbler (Locustella
portenta), part of a group of inconspicuous brown birds with
cricketlike songs that vary wildly between species. The species was
particularly shy and elusive, Rheindt says, and only after multiple mountain
ascents did he find one to match the songs he had been hearing. He saw
immediately that it was a darker hue than the known grasshopper-warbler in the
region.
“That
one is the one that caught my imagination,” says Rheindt.
The cache of new birds is impressive, says Pamela Rasmussen, an ornithologist at Michigan State University in East Lansing. In recent decades, most new bird species have been found in Peru and Brazil, she says. And while it’s not necessarily surprising that there are places in Indonesia that haven’t been well surveyed, the find is “unusual in the fact that these birds have existed so long without being documented.” But more such finds aren’t so likely, she says. “There are very few places left that are likely to have so many [birds].”
Many
of the newly described bird species and subspecies are threatened by habitat
loss driven by logging and increasingly frequent and severe forest fires (SN: 10/13/11).
Of particular concern is the Taliabu grasshopper-warbler, which has been squeezed
into tiny vestiges of highland habitat. The species “might not survive beyond a
few decades,” Rheindt says.
But conserving species requires first knowing what’s out there, so studies like these are important, he says. “Time is limited, and biodiversity is going down the drain.”
